The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Cite This Work Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. He is notable in Western history for his invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Just why Greece was coveted by Persia is unclear. The relatively small size of the defending force has been explained as a reluctance by some Greek city-states to commit troops so far north, and/or due to religious motives, for it was the period of the sacred games at Olympia and the most important Spartan religious festival, the Karneia, and no fighting was permitted during these events.
Frank Miller and Lynn Varley's acclaimed 1998 limited series 300 is widely regarded as one of the legendary comic creator's most influential works. https://www.ancient.eu/thermopylae/. The opposing Greek force was small, not much more than 7,000, with 300 Spartans at its core. Xerxes even had the bridges built in advance so his army wouldn't have to wait to get to Greece. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. In 490 BCE Greek forces led by Athens met the Persians in battle at Marathon and defeated the invaders. Having somewhere in the region of 80,000 troops at his disposal, the Persian king, who led the invasion in person, first waited four days in expectation that the Greeks would flee in panic. King Leonidas of Sparta and a force of 300 men fight the Persians at Thermopylae in 480 B.C.
Say what you want about Persian King Xerxes I, he knew how to fight a battle. Thermopylae is a mountain pass near the sea in northern Greece which was the site of several battles in antiquity, the most famous being that between Persians and Greeks in August 480 BCE. The two opposing armies were essentially representative of the two approaches to Classical warfare - Persian warfare favoured long-range assault using archers followed up with a cavalry charge, whilst the Greeks favoured heavily-armoured hoplites, arranged in a densely packed formation called the phalanx, with each man carrying a heavy round bronze shield and fighting at close quarters using spears and swords. At close quarters, the longer spears, heavier swords, better armour, and rigid discipline of the phalanx formation meant that the Greek hoplites would have all of the advantages, and in the narrow confines of the terrain, the Persians would struggle to make their vastly superior numbers tell. Meanwhile at Artemision, the Persians were battling the elements rather than the Greeks, as they lost 400 triremes in a storm off the coast of Magnesia and more in a second storm off Euboea. After three days resisting the much larger Persian army of Xerxes I, Greek forces were betrayed by Ephialtes and sent into retreat by their leader, Leonidas, who died during a final stand. "Battle of Thermopylae." Ephialtes, son of Eurydemos, a local shepherd from Trachis, seeking reward from Xerxes, informed the Persians of an alternative route --the Anopaia path-- which would allow them to avoid the majority of the enemy forces and attack their southern flank. Last modified April 16, 2013. Xerxes: There will be no glory in your sacrifice. We are a leading fiberglass tank manufacturer. His comrades then fought fiercely to recover the body of the fallen king. On the first day, Xerxes sent his Median and Kissian troops, and after their failure to clear the pass, the elite Immortals entered the battle but in the brutal close-quarter fighting, the Greeks held firm.
Although the Persian tactic of rapidly firing vast numbers of arrows into the enemy must have been an awesome sight, the lightness of the arrows meant that they were largely ineffective against the bronze-armoured hoplites. The wall was in a state of ruin, but the Spartans made the best repairs they could in the circumstances. Wealth and resources seem an unlikely motive; other more plausible suggestions include the need to increase the prestige of the king at home or to quell once and for all a collection of potentially troublesome rebel states on the western border of the empire. Written and illustrated by comics luminary and legend, Frank Miller (Sin City, The Dark Knight, 300), and colored by Alex Sinclair (Batman: The Dark Knight III: The Master Race), this companion to Miller's epic masterpiece, 300, brings the historical story of Xerxes to the …
This suited the Persians as they could now continue unimpeded along the mountain path and arrive behind the main Greek force. Meanwhile, the Immortals now entered the fray behind the Greeks who retreated to a high mound behind the Phokian wall. Directed by Zack Snyder. The Greek tactic of feigning a disorganised retreat and then turning on the enemy in the phalanx formation also worked well, lessening the threat from Persian arrows and perhaps the hoplites surprised the Persians with their disciplined mobility, a benefit of being a professionally trained army.
Infuriated with the seas, Xerxes marched out to the sea and whipped it with a chain 300 times as his soldiers watched and shouted curses at the water. Free men, in respect of their own laws, had sacrificed themselves in order to defend their way of life against foreign aggression.
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The pass had also been fortified by the local Phokians who built a defensive wall running from the so-called Middle Gate down to the sea. The Battle on the plain of Marathon in September 490 BCE between... Leonidas was the Spartan king who famously led a small band of... Sparta was one of the most important Greek city-states throughout... Xerxes I (l. 519-465, r. 486-465 BCE), also known as Xerxes... One of the most effective and enduring military formations in ancient... A black-figure Calyx-Krater from Attica, c. 530 BCE. Leonidas had stationed the contingent of Phokian troops to guard this vital point but they, thinking themselves the primary target of this new development, withdrew to a higher defensive position when the Immortals attacked. 15 Oct 2020. Battle of Thermopylae.
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Xerxes’ forces paid a heavy toll at the pass of Thermopylae at the hands of the fabled 300 Spartans and were defeated at Salamis. Next in King Darius’ sights were Athens and the rest of Greece. He ruled from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC at the hands of Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard.
Early in the morning, the hoplites once more met the enemy, but this time Xerxes could attack from both front and rear and planned to do so but, in the event, the Immortals behind the Greeks were late on arrival. Darius’ response to this diplomatic outrage was to launch a naval force of 600 ships and 25,000 men to attack the Cyclades and Euboea, leaving the Persians just one step away from the rest of Greece. You may unsubscribe at any time. The battle of Thermopylae, and particularly the Spartans' role in it, soon acquired mythical status amongst the Greeks. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. To advance south, Xerxes had to take the pass – and time was not on his side. There's an old military adage that goes "if it's stupid and it works, then it isn't stupid." We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Before he and his troops could arrive, the seas swelled up and swallowed the bridges, completely destroying them. However, an unscrupulous traitor was about to tip the balance in favour of the invaders. Persia, with the largest empire in the world, was vastly superior in men and resources and now these would be fully utilised for a full-scale attack.
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When the King arrived, it was just debris. We are excited to announce that our fiberglass tank product line has a new name: Xerxes by Shawcor. Indeed, for this very reason, the Spartans had arrived too late at the earlier Battle of Marathon. The remaining hoplites, now trapped and without their inspirational king, were subjected to a barrage of Persian arrows until no man was left standing. He also beheaded the engineers who built the bridge, which may have been a contributing factor to his eventual success. The massive army assembled by Xerxes to invade Greece was a truly multinational army (so that’s one thing 300 did get right).
Our name now reflects both the origins of the Xerxes brand and the importance of our tanks to the future of our new owner, Shawcor Ltd. It was here, then, in a 15-metre wide gap with a sheer cliff protecting their left flank and the sea on their right, that the Greeks chose to make a stand against the invading army. Thermopylae 480 BC: Last stand of the 300, Thermopylae: The Battle That Changed the World, Gates of Fire: An Epic Novel of the Battle of Thermopylae, Defiance: A tale of the Spartans and the Battle of Thermopylae, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.
This is Sparta: Fierce warriors of the ancient world - Craig Zimmer. In 486 BCE, Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BCE) became king upon the death of Darius and massive preparations for invasion were made. King Ahasuerus (Xerxes) plays a prominent role in the book of Esther. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. This time, the bridges held and the Persians marched out to meet the Greeks – who would kick the Persian Army right back out of Europe by the following spring. The simplest way to get a massive army from one land mass to another was to simply build a bridge and roads to it.
Xerxes attending the lashing and "chaining" of the Hellespont (Illustration from 1909). Cartwright, Mark. After the battle, Xerxes ordered that Leonidas’ head be put on a stake and displayed at the battlefield. The bridges were then rebuilt to the exact specifications required to hold 300,000 Persian troops bent on destruction, along with their pack animals, cavalry, and whatever else they could carry. By the first years of the 5th century BCE, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, under the rule of Darius I (r. 522-486 BCE), was already expanding into mainland Europe and had subjugated Thrace and Macedonia. It did not go exactly as planned. Depots of equipment and supplies were laid, a canal dug at Chalkidike, and boat bridges built across the Hellespont to facilitate the movement of troops. The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae in 480 BCE during the Persian Wars. Related Content The Spartan king, on the third day of the battle, rallied his small force - the survivors from the original Spartan 300, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans - and made a rearguard stand to defend the pass to the last man in the hope of delaying the Persians progress, in order to allow the rest of the Greek force to retreat or also possibly to await relief from a larger Greek force. Xerxes was coming right off of victories over uprisings against Persian rule in Egypt and Babylon and had acquired a massive army, as-then-unheard-of in ancient times. Perhaps at this point the Theban contingent may have surrendered (although this is disputed amongst scholars).
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