The four species differ mainly in body size. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. attempted to deal with this issue by creating an integrated civilian-military command structure called Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS). Environmental reconstructions for the Early Miocene Proconsul sites are still tentative and range from forested environments to more open, arid grasslands. Forensic Anthropology Review 16 Terms. The name, Proconsul, was devised by Arthur Hopwood in 1933 and means "before Consul"; the name of a famous captive chimp in London. This emphasis can be traced to an essay by Woodrow Wilson written in the late 19th century. [1], Other fossils discovered later were initially classified as africanus and subsequently reclassified; that is, the total pool of fossils originally considered africanus was "split" and the fragments "lumped" with other finds to create a new species. Its name, meaning "before Consul" (Consul being a certain chimpanzee that, at the time of the genus's discovery, was on display in London), implies that it is ancestral to the chimpanzee, which if true would also make it ancestral to the rest of the apes. A proconsul could be both a rule-following bureaucrat and charismatic personality. In the form of bureaucracy, the rational-legal mode is dominant in the modern world.

The Consul that he selected to use in the name was neither of the ones mentioned above, but another located in the London Zoo. In the imperial provinces, the emperors appointed governors who held the title of legatus Augusti pro praetore, or pro-praetor, regardless of what position they had held previously. For example, Mary Leakey's famous find of 1948 began as africanus and was split from it to be lumped with Thomas Whitworth's finds of 1951 as heseloni by Alan Walker in 1993.
[25][27], A passage in the New Testament notes that cases might be judged by a proconsul: "If therefore Demetrius and the artisans with him have a complaint against anyone, the courts are open, and there are proconsuls; let them bring charges there against one another. But as email and Power Point presentations proliferate, clarity and intellectual discipline is lost. Consul is being used Linnaean-style to symbolize the chimpanzee. Proconsul is therefore "ancestral to the Chimpanzee" in Hopwood's words. A proconsul was typically a former consul. Only a consul could command an army, but the high turnover of consuls could disrupt continuity of command. [12] Modern technology makes communication easier than ever. The imperial provinces were mostly the border provinces, where most of the legions were stationed. The position of propraetor was instituted. As far as paleontologists can tell, Proconsul marks the time in primate evolution when the "old world" monkeys and apes diverged from a common ancestor — which means, in layman's terms, that Proconsul may (or may not) have been the first true ape. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Only $1/month. The terms satrap (from Persian) and viceroy (from French) are both used in a similar way. "[15], The position was created to deal with a constitutional peculiarity of the Roman Republic. Managing a large territory in occupation or conflict requires a range of skills and the ability to deal with various organizations. However it winds up being classified, Proconsul holds a special place in hominid paleontology. There were two consuls at a time, each elected to a one-year term. "[2] It appears on inscriptions beginning in 135 BC. In modern times, various officials with notable delegated authority have been referred to as proconsuls. During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC) Scipio Africanus volunteered to lead the second Roman expedition against the Carthaginians in Spain. Several factors are said to limit the scope of proconsular authority in modern times. The gibbons and great apes, including humans, are held in evolutionary biology to share a common ancestral lineage, which may have included Proconsul.

Writer Carnes Lord discusses the following figures in the framework of proconsular authority: Alan Knight, "Britain and Latin America" in Andrew Porter (ed), Proconsuls: Delegated Political-Military Leadership from Rome to America Today, Notitia Dignitatum, Or, Register of Dignataries, Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proconsul&oldid=978246665, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 13 September 2020, at 19:39. But a modern proconsul may also resort to aristocratic, or charismatic, leadership.[9]. Proconsul. Rome's patrician class was prepared to exercise aristocratic leadership, both civil and military. Finally, modern communications allows for greater central control. Fossil remains are present in Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda. These proconsuls ruled in the age of the transoceanic telegraph, so rapid communication did not end proconsular independence.[11]. [13] Another factor is that civilian policymakers, whether on the spot or in the metropole, may lack the skills needed to manage military forces. They were also given imperium so that they could also command an army. [10], Although transoceanic telegraph lines were laid by the mid-19th century, Lord describes the late 19th century as the heyday of British proconsular authority. In practice, a proconsulship was often treated as an extension of a consul's term. The others were the praetor and the propraetor. Anth 209 Lab Final 32 Terms. When its remains were first discovered, back in 1909, Proconsul was not only the oldest ape yet identified, but the first prehistoric mammal ever to be unearthed in sub-Saharan Africa. [5], Although "proconsul" is an official title only with respect to magistrates of ancient Rome, the word has also been applied to various British, U.S., and French officials. The praetors were the chief justices of the city. The "first triumvirate" of Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus also received multiyear proconsulships in 59 BC. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. This custom allowed for continuity of command despite the high turnover of consuls. [11] As ruler of Japan and Korea after World War II, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur consciously modeled himself on a Roman aristocrat. They had a mixture of Old World monkey and ape characteristics, so their placement in the ape superfamily Hominoidea is tentative, with some scientists placing Proconsul outside it, before the split of the apes and Old World monkeys. [21] In 81 BC, Sulla added two praetors so that the two proconsuls and six propraetors could be assigned to govern the ten provinces Rome ruled at that time. The name "Proconsul" is a story in itself: this early Miocene primate wasn't named after the revered proconsuls (provincial governors) of ancient Rome, but after a pair of popular circus chimpanzees, both named Consul, one of which performed in England and the other in France. The classifications found in the literature of one decade are not generally the same as those of another.


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