"Cable received. Le conflit opposait la Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (en) (AA) à la Carnegie Steel Company (en). When Carnegie joined the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1853, trains carried a sense of wonder. Les journalistes reçoivent des badges spéciaux leur permettant de se déplacer librement dans la ville, mais ces derniers peuvent être retirés selon l'information produite.
Coal miners struck in Tennessee, as did railroad switchmen in Buffalo, New York and copper miners in Idaho. [15], At a mass meeting on June 30, local AA leaders reviewed the final negotiating sessions and announced that the company had broken the contract by locking out workers a day before the contract expired. "[10] Carnegie ordered the Homestead plant to manufacture large amounts of inventory so the plant could weather a strike. A railroad bridge over the Monongahela near the site of the battle is named Pinkerton's Landing Bridge in honor of the dead. See: Krause is the most accurate source on the number of dead, including the names of the killed and wounded. It now became possible to make steel suitable for structural beams and for armor plate for the United States Navy, which paid far higher prices for the premium product. Many local businesses refused to serve strikebreakers, who included Pennsylvania's first black steelworkers. Must not fail now. Après la grève de 1889, l'usine de Homestead est principalement dirigée par le syndicat[10]. Carnegie encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union: "...the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority. On July 6, 1892, Pinkerton agents arrived in Homestead on barges along the Monongahela River. The strike, which began on July 1, 1892, pitted … Curiously, Pinkerton had been a Chartist in Scotland like Carnegie's father, agitating for the rights of the British working class.
Reporters were issued special badges which gave them safe passage through the town, but the badges were withdrawn if it was felt misleading or false information made it into the news. Our firm offered all it could offer, even generous terms. En avril, Frick engage des agents de la Pinkerton National Detective Agency afin d'assurer la sécurité des installations. Dubofsky and Dulles, p. 154; Krause, p. 34-36.
Outgunned by the Pinkertons' Winchester rifles, Homestead's citizens scoured the town for weapons, pressing into service everything from ancient muzzle loaders to a 20-pound cannon.
Malgré sa victoire, le syndicat accepte des coupures de salaire significatives qui entraînent un taux horaire plus de la moitié plus faible que celui des travailleurs de la Jones and Laughlin Steel Company (en), où aucune amélioration technologique n'a été faite[8],[9]. Their discussions revolved not around law and order, but the safety of the Carnegie plant.
The union had been broken; the company had been operating the plant at full capacity for almost a year, since September 1892. Le comité de grève (Strike Committee publie une déclaration datée du 20 juillet[19] : « Les employés des usines de M. Karnegie, Phipps & Co à Homestead, Pa, ont construit à cet endroit une ville avec ses maisons, ses écoles et ses églises.
[8], Carnegie was publicly in favor of labor unions. Four times it was shot down by one of the 300 sharpshooters positioned near Open Hearth Furnace No.
Three hundred locked-out men applied for work and were rehired.
Finally, the union agreed to let Pinkerton agents surrender in exchange for their guaranteed safety, although once the Pinkertons came ashore, they were attacked by angry Homestead townspeople. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." McCleary, the international AA's lawyer and several town officials accompanied the Pinkerton agents to Pittsburgh. Deux jours plus tard, le shérif revient avec 125 nouveaux agents, mais il est confronté à 5 000 personnes ralliées par les grévistes à leur cause. Andrew Carnegie: The Richest Man in the World.
Hugh Dempsey, the leader of the local Knights of Labor District Assembly, was found guilty of conspiring to poison[53] nonunion workers at the plant—despite the state's star witness recanting his testimony on the stand. Men and women threw sand and stones at the Pinkerton agents, spat on them and beat them. The conflict between the union workers and the strikebreakers, meanwhile, took on racial overtones in the fall of 1892.
In May 1899, 300 Homestead workers actually formed an AA lodge, but Frick ordered the Homestead works shut down and the unionization effort collapsed.
Others were easily broken in short battles.
This one impacted multiple legacy businesses and unions. Homestead Strike, 18th Regiment arrives, Harper's Weekly, July 12,1892. Carnegie perçoit AA comme un obstacle à l'efficacité et non représentatif des travailleurs, n'admettant qu'un petit groupe de travailleurs qualifiés. Workers tried to reach Carnegie, who had strongly defended labor's right to unionize. Though Carnegie and Frick had brought unions to heel at their other mills, Homestead remained untamed. exact good reasons for employing every man. "Workers believed because they had worked in the mill, they had mixed their labor with the property in the mill," explains historian Paul Krause. In most cases, however, the Pinkertons' conduct was strictly within the law, if not entirely popular.
The AFL refused to call for a boycott of Carnegie products in September 1892.
Telegram from Frick at end of lockout Letter to cousin In addition, the plant moved increasingly toward the continuous system of production.
One.
Our victory is now complete and most gratifying.
Three hundred Pinkerton detectives assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892.
With heads uncovered, to distinguish them from the mill hands, they passed along between two rows of guards armed with Winchesters. At 5pm the workers finally accepted the Pinkertons' surrender. Strikers then set the barges on fire.
Although only 750 of the 3,800 workers at Homestead belonged to the union, 3,000 of them met and voted overwhelmingly to strike. The crowd tore down the barbed-wire fence and strikers and their families surged onto the Homestead plant grounds. Critics alleged that the Pinkertons had planted evidence during their investigation of the Mollies and had thrown the bomb that sparked Chicago's Haymarket Riot of 1886 in order to discredit unions. Dans une lettre écrite à Carnegie, il écrit « L'usine n'a jamais été capable de produire au rythme où elle serait supposé le faire en raison des hommes de Amalgamated[trad 1]. Ever your Pard, A.C.". . Soon after the bloody battle on July 6, Carnegie told the New York Herald that the news of the disaster "grieved me more than I can tell you. Une petite flotte d'embarcations de grévistes descend la rivière à la rencontre des agents.
", June 10 The employees in the mill of Messrs. Carnegie, Phipps & Co., at Homestead, Pa., have built there a town with its homes, its schools and its churches; have for many years been faithful co-workers with the company in the business of the mill; have invested thousands of dollars of their savings in said mill in the expectation of spending their lives in Homestead and of working in the mill during the period of their efficiency.
Die Stadt wurde 1880 gegründet.
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