The Texas Family Code specifically confirms that the spanking is not abuse, but is reasonable discipline. September 1, 2007. Only the following persons may use _____ for the reasonable discipline of a child: - a parent or grandparent of the child; . 3, eff. Aug. 29, 1983; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, Sec. September 1, 2019. (2) an offense under Section 32.51, other than an offense punishable under Subsection (c-1) of that section. Minimum Standards for School-Age and Before or After-School Programs _Subchapter G. Discipline and Guidance Current through 39 Tex.Reg. CLASSIFICATION OF MISDEMEANORS. Statutory definitions of physical abuse appearing in state family- or juvenile-court codes commonly except reasonable measures of physical discipline administered by parents. September 1, 2009. 1.01, eff. April 17, 1997. corporal punishment is permitted as a method of student discipline, a district educator may use corporal punishment to discipline a student unless the student ' s parent or guardian or other person having lawful control over the student has previously provided a written, signed statement prohibiting the use of corporal No more, no less. From 2019, the Athletic Code now lists corporal punishment as a consequence for rule violations by student athletes. (b) If a corporation, an association, a limited liability company, or another business entity is adjudged guilty of an offense that provides a penalty including imprisonment, or that provides no specific penalty, a court may sentence the corporation, association, limited liability company, or other business entity to pay a fine in an amount fixed by the court, not to exceed: (1) $20,000 if the offense is a felony of any category; (2) $10,000 if the offense is a Class A or Class B misdemeanor; (3) $2,000 if the offense is a Class C misdemeanor; or. 2, Sec. USE OF PRIOR CONVICTIONS. Operation Round-Up Leads to 125 Arrests- Including Pastor & Teacher, FSU Executive Director of Institute of Justice Discusses Racial Bias in the Criminal Justice System, This lawyer was disciplined by a state licensing authority in. 426, art. 112 (S.B. 418 (S.B. RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP FAMILY CODE SUBTITLE B. Sept. 1, 1999. The law explicitly allows for corporal punishment (such as spanking) and only limits the people who can administer it. 1, eff. Only the following persons may use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child: (1) a parent or grandparent of the child; (2) Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. PUNISHMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH CODE. Jan. 1, 1996; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. Section 9.61 of the Texas Penal Code states that any non-deadly use of force against a child under 18 years old is justified if the parent or guardian "reasonably believes the force is necessary to discipline a child or to safeguard or promote his or her welfare.". Sec. (11) any other right or duty existing between a parent and child by virtue of law. 8), Sec. The short answer is "No.". As a defense to child abuse, that's what's offensive to most parents. (a) If an affirmative finding under Article 42.014, Code of Criminal Procedure, is made in the trial of an offense other than a first degree felony or a Class A misdemeanor, the punishment for the offense is increased to the punishment prescribed for the next highest category of offense. State law prohibits the use of corporal punishment for disciplinary purposes without exception. (b) In addition to confinement, an individual adjudged guilty of a state jail felony may be punished by a fine not to exceed $10,000. 2, Sec. Jan. 1, 1974. September 1, 2019. This guide explains the relevant law and defenses in Texas related to spanking your children. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select. Jan. 1, 1974. 834 (H.B. Corporal Punishment The saying "Spare the rod and you spoil the child" is no where in the Bible. (B) the defendant has been previously convicted of an offense: (i) under Section 43.25 or 43.26, Penal Code, or an offense under Section 43.23, Penal Code, punishable under Subsection (h) of that section; (ii) under Section 20A.02(a)(7) or (8), 21.02, 21.11, 22.011, 22.021, or 25.02, Penal Code; (iii) under Section 20.04(a)(4), Penal Code, if the defendant committed the offense with the intent to violate or abuse the victim sexually; (iv) under Section 30.02, Penal Code, punishable under Subsection (d) of that section, if the defendant committed the offense with the intent to commit a felony described by Subparagraph (ii) or (iii); or. d. . During 2013/14, 6 boys . Search Texas Statutes. 1, eff. (B) an offense that was committed under the laws of another state that: (i) contains elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense under Section 22.021; and. There is a fine line between spanking or corporal punishment and abuse. Jan. 1, 1974. (11) any other right or duty existing between a parent and child by virtue of law. In Texas, it is a known practice for parents to spank their children and it is perfectly legal to do so, but the main question is when does spanking or other corporal punishment cross the line to child abuse. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. September 1, 2007. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. 399, Sec. 1.01, eff. September 1, 2021. (1) From the parent. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. December 1, 2013. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 12.42. Rights and Duties of Parent on Westlaw, industry-leading online legal research system, Law School Debt: Another Blow to Lawyers' Mental Health, Supreme Court Hears Arguments in Biggest Second Amendment Case in Over a Decade, Studies Dig Into How Lawyers Are Doing as Pandemic Wears On, Epic Appeals Decision in Fortnite Battle Royale With Apple. 1, eff. At Castleberry High, no CP was recorded during 2000/01 or 2009/10. September 1, 2011. 25.146, eff. Signature. Dr. Amended by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 4131, ch. Parents are expected to discipline their children, and corporal punishment, such as spanking, is not illegal. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. June 7, 1979. 834 (H.B. Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 2, and Ch. Department of Family and Protective Services _Chapter 744. 21.001(93), 21.002(15), eff. 4, eff. Section 5121 et seq. (c) An individual adjudged guilty of a state jail felony shall be punished for a third degree felony if it is shown on the trial of the offense that: (1) a deadly weapon as defined by Section 1.07 was used or exhibited during the commission of the offense or during immediate flight following the commission of the offense, and that the individual used or exhibited the deadly weapon or was a party to the offense and knew that a deadly weapon would be used or exhibited; or. 3384), Sec. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (c)(2), if it is shown on the trial of a felony of the third degree that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of a felony other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a), on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a felony of the second degree. Social Services and Assistance _Part 19. 418 (S.B. (2) for which an affirmative finding has been entered under Article 42.015(b) or 42A.105(a), Code of Criminal Procedure, for an offense other than an offense under Section 21.02 or 22.021. www.texprotects.org!!! (a) An individual adjudged guilty of a felony of the first degree shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 5 years. 900, Sec. 12.501. 25.149, eff. 250, Sec. Sept. 1, 1994. 5000, dated June 27, 2014, as effective on or before June 30, 2014 Paul Zimmerman with the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services said CPS policy does not consider reasonable corporal punishment to be abuse, as long as there isn't substantial harm to . 2(a), eff. Iowa is no exception 1 2. September 1, 2013. Renumbered from Penal Code Sec. • Ensure that the disciplinary measures used are not considered abuse, neglect, or exploitation as specified in Texas Family Code §261.001 and TAC Chapter 745, Subchapter K, Division 5, of this title (relating to Abuse and Neglect). 2, eff. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES. 3.48, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. There is no mention of a parental opt-out. Avvo has 97% of all lawyers in the US. Texas Family Code - FAM § 151.001. September 1, 2019. Directions: Parents will review this policy upon enrolling their child. (a) Misdemeanors are classified according to the relative seriousness of the offense into three categories: (b) An offense designated a misdemeanor in this code without specification as to punishment or category is a Class C misdemeanor. . Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. (a) If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two state jail felonies punishable under Section 12.35(a), on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a felony of the third degree. • Only the following persons may use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child: o A parent or grandparent of a child; . Regrese a Principio de menu. AUTHORIZED PUNISHMENTS FOR CORPORATIONS, ASSOCIATIONS, LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES, AND OTHER BUSINESS ENTITIES. (b) Subject to Subsection (d), the punishment for an offense described by Subsection (c) is increased to the punishment prescribed for the next higher category of offense if it is shown on the trial of the offense that: (A) was committed against a person the actor knows is a public servant or a member of a public servant's family or household; or, (B) involves property that the actor knows belongs to, is under the control of, or is lawfully possessed by a public servant; and. 1.01, eff. 12.425. 8, eff. September 1, 2019. Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. State Laws on Corporal Punishment in Public Schools. 1276 (H.B. This policy is effective on the following date: Signed by: Role: Parent. 1969), Sec. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 318, Sec. Only the following persons may use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child: (1) a parent or grandparent of the child; (2) a stepparent of the child who has the duty of control and reasonable discipline of the child . Amended by Acts 1979, 66th Leg., p. 1058, ch. Texas Family Code § 151.001 deals with the rights and duties of a parent. (a) The use of force, but not deadly force, against a child younger than 18 years is justified: (2) when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the force is necessary to discipline the child or to safeguard or promote his welfare. 1, eff. 3, eff. Elizabeth Gershoff's research focuses on how parental and school discipline affect child and youth development and how parent education and early education programs can improve the lives of at risk children. a. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. Under the Texas Family Code Section 151.001(e), the parent, grandparent, stepparent or guardian of a child "may use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child." So, even though you are not always subject to being convicted of a crime for spanking your child, the Injury to a Child statute makes it a crime to cause serious . 770 (H.B. Former state worker for family protective services here. (b) If it is shown on the trial of a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felonies other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a), and the second previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished for a felony of the second degree. 1, eff. (4) Notwithstanding Subdivision (1) or (2), and except as provided by Subdivision (3) for the trial of an offense under Section 22.021 as described by that subdivision, a defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life without parole if it is shown on the trial of an offense under Section 20A.03 or of a sexually violent offense, committed by the defendant on or after the defendant's 18th birthday, that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of: (A) an offense under Section 20A.03 or of a sexually violent offense; or. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. This section does not apply to the trial of an offense of injury to a disabled individual under Section 22.04, if the affirmative finding in the case under Article 42.014, Code of Criminal Procedure, shows that the defendant intentionally selected the victim because the victim was disabled. 900, Sec. 834, Sec. 1.14, eff. Texas permits a parent or grandparent of the child, along with a stepparent or guardian of the child, to use corporal punishment for reasonable discipline also. SUBCHAPTER E. CORPORATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. TITLE 5. September 1, 2011. September 1, 2007. Jan. 1, 1974. 663 (H.B. 7, eff. 318, Sec. 488, Sec. 2, Sec. 8), Sec. At Castleberry High School in 2011/12 the figure was 83%, one of the highest rates in Texas, while at Reach High School it was 42%. SUBCHAPTER C. ORDINARY FELONY PUNISHMENTS. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. Sec. 1028), Sec. Investigation that seeks to identify the child b. (f) For the purposes of Subsections (a), (b), and (c)(1), an adjudication by a juvenile court under Section 54.03, Family Code, that a child engaged in delinquent conduct on or after January 1, 1996, constituting a felony offense for which the child is committed to the Texas Juvenile Justice Department under Section 54.04(d)(2), (d)(3), or (m . Corporal Punishment. 1.01, eff. Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. Sept. 1, 1994. 900, Sec. 900, Sec. Start with your legal issue to find the right lawyer for you. September 1, 2009. Sept. 1, 1999. Jan. 1, 1974. Texas Administrative Code _Title 40. It seems Mr. Hine, like the authors of the Texas Family Code 261.001--a masterpiece of vagueness and ambiguity, in our judgment--has much more to say about what abuse isn't than about what it is. The Texas Family Code defines child abuse as "an act or omission that endangers or impairs a child's physical, mental or emotional health and development." Mims says the state makes an exception for "reasonable discipline" by the child's parent or guardian. The saying "Spare the rod and you spoil the child" is no where in the Bible. Corporal punishment, a professional employee of a school district may utilize to the extent permitted by section 9.62, Penal Code, section 22.0512(a), Education Code, and any school district policy|Corporal punishment, a school district may adopt a policy authorizing without the permission of those persons listed in section 151.001(e), Family Code|Corporal punishment, section 151.001(e . Section 154.002(a)(2) Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. REDUCTION OF STATE JAIL FELONY PUNISHMENT TO MISDEMEANOR PUNISHMENT. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. State Jail Felony. Sept. 1, 2003. If the law determines a parent has crossed the line between disciplining the child and inflicting injury, the parent can be charged with child abuse. If the offense is a Class A misdemeanor, the minimum term of confinement for the offense is increased to 180 days. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. According to the Texas Education Code, corporal punishment is defined as the "deliberate infliction of physical pain by hitting, paddling, spanking, slapping, or any other physical force used as a . 8), Sec. (2) the offense was committed in retaliation for or on account of the service or status of the person as a public servant. (d) Except as provided by Subsection (c)(2) or (c)(4), if it is shown on the trial of a felony offense other than a state jail felony punishable under Section 12.35(a) that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous conviction having become final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. However, the Texas Family Code provides . 785, Sec. If a caregiver becomes aware that a school intends to use corporal punishment to discipline a child in CPS 85, Sec. 4.01, eff. 603 Code of Massachusetts Regulations 18.05 Required Policies and Procedures (e) No student shall be subjected to abuse or neglect, cruel, unusual, severe or corporal punishment, including the following practices: Offenses are designated as felonies or misdemeanors. Jan. 1, 1974. (b) For purposes of this section, "in loco parentis" includes grandparent and . 108, Sec. Sept. 1, 1985; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. Added by Acts 1979, 66th Leg., p. 1027, ch. Cases & Codes . Many states have banned corporal punishment in public schools, while several others, including Texas, allow the practice but give parents the opportunity to opt out.In Texas, corporal punishment in public schools is considered lawful unless a parent or legal guardian has refused to give permission with a . 1302), Sec. The definition of child abuse and some relevant sections of the Penal Code can be found in the appendix to this handbook. 418 (S.B. Statutory Allowances for Reasonable Corporal Punishment . 1, eff. Sec. Of course, it does. 6, eff. (c) This chapter does not deprive a court of authority conferred by law to forfeit property, dissolve a corporation, suspend or cancel a license or permit, remove a person from office, cite for contempt, or impose any other civil penalty. 12.34. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. Jan. 1, 1974. Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 11, eff. 340 (S.B. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. Chapter 261 of the Family Code (recodified in 1995) states that child abuse is an act or omission that endangers or impairs a child's physical, mental or emotional health and development. 201), Sec. September 1, 2011. 2, Sec. Texas Family Code 151.001 - Rights and Duties of Parent. (a) A person may, with the consent of the attorney for the state, admit during the sentencing hearing his guilt of one or more unadjudicated offenses and request the court to take each into account in determining sentence for the offense or offenses of which he stands adjudged guilty. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1994; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. (e) Only the following persons may use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child: (1) a parent or grandparent of the child; (2) a stepparent of the child who has the duty of control and reasonable discipline of the child; and. Sec. Corporal punishment is generally defined as occurring when a teacher deliberately inflicts pain for discipline or for punishment, but currently Texas has no legal definition. Sept. 1, 1994. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. Sept. 1, 1994. One . September 1, 2007. 1.01, eff. September 1, 2007. But Texas Penal Code §9.61 states that: (a) The use of force, but not deadly force, against a child younger . 1, eff. We recommend that you always check a lawyer's disciplinary status with their respective state bar association before hiring them. 2, eff. Sec. 1, eff. Judge Steven Rivas concluded that Madden's paddling had violated the Educators' Code of Ethics. 87 (S.B. This guide is not legal advice but is only intended for informational purposes. Texas Administrative Code. 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. Jan. 1, 1974. 1028), Sec. Years licensed, work experience, education. 915 (H.B. 582, Sec. • Ensure that the disciplinary measures used are not considered abuse, neglect, or exploitation as specified in Texas Family Code §261.001 and TAC Chapter 745, Subchapter K, Division 5, of this title (relating to Abuse and Neglect). Sec. 25, Sec. PENALTY FOR CERTAIN OFFENSES COMMITTED IN RETALIATION FOR OR ON ACCOUNT OF PERSON'S SERVICE OR STATUS AS PUBLIC SERVANT. 1969), Sec. Amended by Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 1917, ch. (ii) was committed against a victim described by Section 22.021(f)(1) or was committed against a victim described by Section 22.021(f)(2) and in a manner substantially similar to a manner described by Section 22.021(a)(2)(A). 62, Sec. 748.2307(9) Other Prohibited Punishments-subjecting a child to abusive or profane language Child-CareLicensing (e) On conviction of a corporation, an association, a limited liability company, or another business entity, the court shall notify the attorney general of that fact. Post a free question on our public forum. If the offense is a Class A misdemeanor, the minimum term of confinement for the offense is increased to 180 days. Our Rating is calculated using information the lawyer has included on their profile in addition to the information we collect from state bar associations and other organizations that license legal professionals. 78, eff. Texas Family Code 151.001 - Rights and Duties of Parent. 426, art. 12.48 and amended by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. (f) For the purposes of Subsections (a), (b), and (c)(1), an adjudication by a juvenile court under Section 54.03, Family Code, that a child engaged in delinquent conduct on or after January 1, 1996, constituting a felony offense for which the child is committed to the Texas Juvenile Justice Department under Section 54.04(d)(2), (d)(3), or (m), Family Code, or Section 54.05(f), Family Code, or to a post-adjudication secure correctional facility under Section 54.04011, Family Code, is a final felony conviction. 1085, Sec. 75), Sec. Sec. PENALTIES FOR REPEAT AND HABITUAL FELONY OFFENDERS ON TRIAL FOR STATE JAIL FELONY. 399, Sec. 318, Sec. Jan. 1, 1974. Disciplinary information may not be comprehensive, or updated. 426, art. Sec. Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. questions about new subsection 15 1 .OOl (e) in the Texas Family Code: 1. intentto!cause!pain,!are!unacceptable!and!may!be!dangerous!to!the!health!and!wellX 3, eff. 2, eff. September 1, 2013. (g) For the purposes of Subsection (c)(2): (1) a defendant has been previously convicted of an offense listed under Subsection (c)(2)(B) if the defendant was adjudged guilty of the offense or entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere in return for a grant of deferred adjudication, regardless of whether the sentence for the offense was ever imposed or whether the sentence was probated and the defendant was subsequently discharged from community supervision; and. (1) Abuse--An intentional, knowing, or reckless act or omission by a counselor, applicant . 2, eff. Under the Texas Family Code, who is required to report a case of child abuse if they have cause to believe that a child has been physically abused? 426, art. 2.82, eff. Department's discipline policy. The civil penalty may be included in the sentence. Sept. 1, 1994. It's about whether corporal punishment should be conducted by someone the same gender as the offending student. Sec. CLASS B MISDEMEANOR. The Texas Family Code (TFC) in Section 151 states that a parent has the duty of reasonable discipline of the child. In addition to imprisonment, an individual may be punished by a fine not to exceed $10,000. 12.49. You'll find that the corporal punishment provision is in the Penal Code as a defense to child abuse. laneyloogrl. (a) If it is shown on the trial of a Class A misdemeanor that the defendant has been before convicted of a Class A misdemeanor or any degree of felony, on conviction he shall be punished by: (2) confinement in jail for any term of not more than one year or less than 90 days; or. 201), Sec. 2299), Sec. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 3), Sec. Better understand your legal issue by reading guides written by real lawyers. (2) From the eligible student. Notwithstanding the provisions of §441.101 of this title (relating to Definitions), the following words and terms, when used in this subchapter, shall have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. This policy is effective on the following date school year 2020-2021 (August 17, 2020) Signed by: Role: Parent 838, Sec. As more school officials reach the same conclusions, the rate of corporal punishment is plummeting, down 80 percent in Texas from 2001 to 2012. 359), Sec. (c) A parent who fails to discharge the duty of support is liable to a person who provides necessaries to those to whom support is owed. 1323 (S.B. Look in the Texas Penal Code. 122 (H.B. 1.01, eff. Houston Injury to a Child Defense Lawyer James Sullivan. Amended by Acts 1991, 72nd Leg., ch. 1, eff. However, the Texas Family Code provides that the following individuals are permitted to use corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child:. PENALTIES FOR REPEAT AND HABITUAL FELONY OFFENDERS ON TRIAL FOR FIRST, SECOND, OR THIRD DEGREE FELONY. 13, eff. Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. January 1, 2017. 2, Sec. SD3225-02c . Defining!Reasonable!Discipline!in!Texas! Sec. (b) The duty of a parent to support his or her child exists while the child is an unemancipated minor and continues as long as the child is fully enrolled in a secondary school in a program leading toward a high school diploma and complies with attendance requirements described by 1, eff. CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES. 6.02, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 667, Sec. 399, Sec. Acts 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., Ch. exploitation as defined in Texas Family Code 261.401 748.2303(a) Corporal Punishment-May not use/threaten corporal punishment, such as hitting/spanking, forced exercise, holding physical position, unproductive work. Texas Administrative Code. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. What to do when an officer asks for consent to search your car. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. Copyright © 2021, Thomson Reuters. 12.46. Jan. 1, 1974. September 1, 2005. (v) under the laws of another state containing elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense listed in Subparagraph (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv). 75), Sec. Renumbered from Penal Code Sec. (3) Notwithstanding Subdivision (1) or (2), a defendant shall be punished for a capital felony if it is shown on the trial of an offense under Section 22.021 otherwise punishable under Subsection (f) of that section that the defendant has previously been finally convicted of: (A) an offense under Section 22.021 that was committed against a victim described by Section 22.021(f)(1) or was committed against a victim described by Section 22.021(f)(2) and in a manner described by Section 22.021(a)(2)(A); or.
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