h(cu@� �E*�.�CN2c5���[�tn�� �0�#,��N��Ke�I�rV^3��֎� 0+@6��D�rY�Y� 5v�c�&�B������Ode���(�,�f:oS!ka�8i���+�&�d,�Yb"-�PPTg�x�xJ��ڥ�8�;���i6@�S9�f>�;A�ش�̙cv�j�P�'U���V7i��.��:;�"ӄ�4�����&����:�z ��P��qp�=�)r����e��� Nobody quite knows the impact of horizontal flow of GM pollen to bees' gut or of novel gene sequences in plants to fungi and soil and rumen bacteria. Whilst their positive or negative impacts on production and on the environment continue to fuel debate, the fact that they are harmless to human health has now garnered consensus with the scientific community. There are a number of publications which address this issue. @�&�ԅT,2[m�/����>EL���[B�%����w$����}MS�������n��ϤZh,��g���>(�M�M�2p���-Cc*d���&������xA���3m;�@�-�����Ҟ� Maclean and Laight (2001) and Dunham (1999) have produced very useful reviews which discuss many of the points raised in this paper. GPu�pr��7��^ 3. 7,������T[��U��8���Q�'�¦\3ɘ:5�Ă The three most common traits found in GMO crops are: Resistance to insect damage Tolerance to herbicides Resistance to plant viruses We are all about assessing the scientific evidence on human problems and looking at how to use it every day. For example, an allergenic Brazil-nut gene was transferred into a transgenic soybean variety. Genes can mutate with harmful effect: It is not yet known whether artificial insertion of genes could destabilize an organism, encouraging mutations, or whether the inserted gene itself will keep stable in the plant over generations. For example, the GM maize variety Starlink, intended only for animal feed, was accidentally used in products for human consumption. <> The research, authored by 20 of the nation’s top agricultural experts, found no evidence that genetically-modified organisms are dangerous for human health or the environment. Human Health Risks 3. Genes introduced in GMOs are no exception, and interactions might occur at gene, cell, plant and ecosystem level. FAO warns of 'molecular divide' between North and South. Since the commercial introduction of GMOs, the seed industry has rapidly consolidated. In agricultural ecology, this means introducing new genes in the genome of crops like corn. Impact of "terminator" technologies: Although these are still under development and have not yet been commercialized, they would, if applied, prevent a crop from being grown the following year from its own seed. Loss of farmers' access to plant material: Biotechnology research is carried out predominantly by the private sector and there are concerns about market dominance in the agricultural sector by a few powerful companies. GMOs have been changing the way that pesticides are used in agriculture. Genes can end up in unexpected places: Through "gene escape" they can pass on to other members of the same species and perhaps other species. There is no conclusive data on this issue. The outward risks of genetically engineered foods fall into three categories: 1. This approach is now being replaced with the use of marker genes that avoid medical or environmental hazards. Planting "refuge" areas with insect-susceptible varieties is advised to reduce the risk of insect populations evolving resistance due to the widespread growing of GMO Bt-crops. Problems could result if, for example, herbicide-resistance genes got into weeds. Biological substitutes can replace the use of the chemical in medical with lesser side effects. RISK FACTORS OF GMOS. "Sleeper" genes could be accidentally switched on and active genes could become "silent": Organisms contain genes that are activated under certain conditions -- for example, under attack from pathogens or severe weather. Although there was no evidence that Starlink maize was dangerous to humans, strict processing controls may be required to avoid similar cases in the future.

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