Complimentary sequences were used together for optimal editing. Seals tagged in Canada were tracked season when many ringed seals travel far from their breeding sites to June at the latest, so observations in July-November were [24]. The labels near each point represent the fraction of pairwise comparisons for which the pairwise FST was significantly different from zero (p-value <0.05). Summary of profile likelihood percentiles of all parameters for the mtDNA-based Migrate analysis and the microsatellite-based analysis. Pups are also prey to Arctic Foxes and Glaucous Gulls. The remaining subspecies were listed as threatened in 2012 due to diminished snow cover, hypothermia-induced-mortality from premature melting of lairs, and climate model projections of accelerated sea ice habitat loss [6], [10], [20]. The maximum likelihood estimates provided in our results are those estimates with the highest log likelihood of all of the phases. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s007, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s008, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s009, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s011, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s012, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s013, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077125.s016. This abrupt behavioral change may be due to changes in ice or prey availability. collected samples throughout the year, with many of their samples collected outside of the breeding season when many ringed seals travel far from their breeding sites [24]. Find books No abrupt behavioral shifts were observed in the Peard Bay seals; however, this could be due to the limited temporal extent of our data. The resulting genetic distances were used in permtest to test for panmixia pairwise between the sample sites for which we had >1 individual. The unprecedented melting rate of Arctic sea ice has resulted in elevated mortality of ice-adapted marine mammals such as the polar bear and ringed seal [3]â[6]. (A) Mutation-scaled effective population size (Î) estimates based on mtDNA. We used two mitochondrial regions and nine microsatellite loci to measure the amount of gene flow among nine breeding sites of Arctic ringed seals as well as the Saimaa and Baltic subspecies. A Bonferroni correction was used (adjusted αâ=â0.0001), and we found linkage disequilibrium in 4% of the pairwise observations. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Found insideOn the brink of . With the inclusion of seals of Lake Saimaa (AMOVA I), significant levels of genetic variance were attributable to both among- and within-site differences (p-values <0.05; Table 2). Inset: allelic richness curves for Arctic ringed seals in the Chukchi Sea region (C), Western Beaufort (WB), and Eastern Beaufort (EB). We thank Josh London, National Marine Mammal Laboratory, for downloading, editing, and managing all behavioral data obtained through the Argos satellite system. The sites with the lowest Ho were Lake Saimaa, Kotzebue, Barrow, Oliktok, and Kaktovik; the latter three being part of the Western Beaufort. Found inside â Page 22On warm , calm days from May until breakup , many ringed seals can be seen basking on top of the ice while they ... When the pack ice moves out again bears can be left on shore and must rely on a variety of food items or fat reserves .
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